This book covers the nomenclature and modeling of carbon nanomaterials, includes examples of surfaces and thin films of fullerenes, and examines the morphology and structure of carbon nanotubes and the characterization of peapod materials with the aid of transmission electron microscopy. It also presents electro-optical properties and self-assembly and enrichment in carbon nanotubes, followed by strategies for the chemical functionalization of carbon nanohorns and endohedral metallofullerenes. Finally, the applications of endohedral metallofullerenes in quantum computing and of functionalized carbon nanotubes in medicine conclude this fascinating overview of the field.