This volume includes six chapters that detail advances in psychology research. Chapter 1 develops and evaluates the Physical Activity Shame Scale (PASS), a new self-report trait measure designed to assess the unique phenomenological experience of shame in the context of physical activity. Chapter 2 investigates whether organizational error management predicts organizational success and whether psychological safety at the team level, as well as conscientiousness and openness to experience as personality traits, mediate the relationship between organizational error management and organizational success at the individual level. Chapter 3 illustrates the benefits of following a neuroscience-based approach rather than factor analysis in structuring tests that measure biologically-based traits: temperament and polymathy. Chapter 4 illustrates the benefits of using estimated and documented 2nd and 3rd year school grades for content validation of a temperament test as well as investigations of the associations of school grades and temperament traits. Chapter 5 addresses the problem of university dropout considering levels of student self-efficacy and presents some findings from the Spanish National Project “Study of the risk and protection factors of university dropout. Creation of a guide to good practice” (PID2022-141290NB-I00). Lastly, chapter 6 aims to contribute to our understanding of the phenomena involved in career construction, focusing specifically on the impacts of conflicts arising from competing identities on career construction in emerging adults.