The book traces the history of mathematics in the Polish lands from pagan times (the tenth century AD) to the present, with particular attention to the era inaugurated by the reforms of the National Education Commission (1773–1794), through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries until recently. Richly illustrated and thoroughly documented, it recounts the many achievements of Polish mathematicians— including the world-renowned interwar Polish School of Mathematics—alongside the great tragedies, notably the losses caused by the Second World War, as well as the arduous post-war revival. A book for anyone interested in Polish culture and its achievements.