On his deathbed, Adam Smith ordered the burning of two unfinished works on epistemology and politics, fearing that his image as a philosopher would be tarnished and his ideas misinterpreted. This book argues that the inability to complete these two works is symptomatic of tensions for which Smith found no resolution. The loss of Smith’s final manuscripts led to a century and a half of deliberate neglect from philosophers and misinterpretation from economists. The book reconstructs the lost works from fragments, lecture notes, correspondence, and chapters from published works. It also examines the reasons for changes in various editions of the Theory of Moral Sentiments, and explores the hybrid argumentative strategy employed in the Wealth of Nations. The output serves as a map of a coherent system addressing the same questions as Kant and venturing onto the path later taken by the Pragmatists. This roadmap will guide twenty-first-century readers through Smith’s work. The book is essential reading for Adam Smith specialists, historians of economic thought and philosophers of science.