This edited volume offers a fresh look at how business in Spain has evolved from the 18th century to today. It examines how entrepreneurs, families, foreign investors, and public institutions shaped the country’s shift from a rural economy to an industrialized society. Through detailed case studies, from steel and coal to tourism and agriculture, it shows how business decisions were influenced by politics, social change, and global capital. The book challenges the idea of Spanish economic “backwardness” by highlighting innovation, resilience, and strategic adaptation. It blends economic history and business studies to provide a rich, multidimensional view of Spain’s business landscape. The book will appeal to scholars, students, and researchers of economics, business studies, and economic and business history, as well as to anyone interested in how historical business practices inform today’s economic challenges.