Spain, Portugal, Italy, and France share a common historical experience: a period of Islamic presence during the Middle Ages. This volume examines how this Islamic past was studied, interpreted, represented, and mobilized during the 19th century, a time marked by the construction of nation-states and the expansion of colonial empires, particularly in the Maghreb. Bringing together medievalists and 19th-century historians, the book offers, for the first time, a collection of contributions focused on these different regions of Mediterranean Europe. Whereas these four countries are usually studied separately, this volume proposes a joint, comparative, transnational, and connected approach. It explores the intersections of Orientalism, medievalism, and nation-building to shed light on the distinctive ways in which Mediterranean Europe has historically engaged with its domestic relationship to Islam. This book will appeal to scholars and students interested in medieval history, 19th-century European history, the history of Orientalism, nationalism and nation-building, colonial studies, Mediterranean studies, Islamic history in Europe, historiography, and the cultural politics of memory and heritage.