This anthology deals with aspects of rationality in the modern age, examining current positions in Islamic rationalist theology. The structure of the book reflects how the so-called modern period of Islamic rationalist theology did not develop any fixed schools of thought. Rather, individual thinkers cooperated with each other by pursuing certain lines of inqury together, while mainly pursuing their research independently from one another. Rational modes of thinking in the modern age can be divided into three sub-areas: the new kalam science, philosophical thinking, and human rights. These three areas provide the structure for this second volume. The first part covers those thinkers who are concerned with reviving the medieval kalam with the help of modern theories. The second part takes up Muslim philosophers whose research extends beyond religious topics, such as Islamic ethics, democracy and secularism. The third part is dedicated to those writers who have studied human rights from an Islamic perspective, including women's rights, tolerance and interreligious dialogue.