This two-volume set explores how anthropology should respond to and engage with cultural change in the modern world. Anthropology in the twenty-first century faces a worldview of cultural transformation based on communication, collision, and interaction among cultures around the globe. This two-volume set aims to reorient the role and function of anthropology by focusing on reconstructing knowledge and cultural consciousness to better envision and realize the synergetic interaction between different cultures and civilizations. The first volume discusses the manifestations of cultural transformation in the modern world and elucidates the importance of restoring cultural consciousness. The second volume examines how cultural consciousness enriches and reshapes the vision of anthropology and ethnographic writing. It explores the new paths and missions of Chinese anthropological studies and ethnographic writing, which should be grounded in the indigenous consciousness and cultural reservoir of China. The set will appeal to anthropologists, students, and general readers interested in anthropology, sociology, and ethnography.