This book explores advanced powertrain technologies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and accelerating the transition to sustainable mobility. As regulatory bodies push for alternatives to internal combustion engines (ICEs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and fuel cell-based powertrains are emerging as viable solutions. However, challenges such as battery safety, thermal management, and fuel cell efficiency require further research and innovation. This book presents state-of-the-art developments in lithium-ion batteries, fuel cell modeling, battery thermal management systems (BTMSs), and electro-catalyst advancements for fuel cell transportation. It also discusses the technological, environmental, and regulatory challenges associated with electrified powertrains. By providing insights into recent advancements and future prospects, this book serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers striving to develop efficient and sustainable vehicle technologies.