This book summarizes the state-of-the-art approaches and novel technologies developed for the sustainable production of energy and structural and functional materials. Each chapter includes a detailed review of current aspects pertaining to the energy and material system supported by sustainability assessment tools. It covers sustainable utilization of biomass for energy in the form of green hydrogen, bio-oil, biodiesel, algal fuel, biogas, bioethanol, and electrochemical conversion using microbial fuel cells and materials in the form of bioadsorbents and so forth. Presents an up-to-date review of biomass processing technologiesOffers insights into the use of sustainability assessment tools for the design of material and energy systemsHighlights the sustainable production of energy from biomass, including algae and fungal processingReviews pertinent sustainability assessment toolsCovers the production of sustainable structural and functional material from biomassThis book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in chemical engineering, bioenergy, bioprocessing, and green technology.