The book contains a selection of articles on special research topics on Mathematical Biology and the interdisciplinary fields of mathematical modelling of biosystems. The treatment is both pedagogical and advanced to enhance future scientific research. We include comprehensive reviews written by prominent leaders of scientific research groups, new results on Population Dynamics such as Hybrid Discrete-Continuous Models of Cell Populations and the Hopf bifurcation on Predator-Prey Models, and some state of the art research on Medical Physics such as Optimization Methods applied to Raman Spectroscopy. Other topics covered focus on evolution biology, infectious diseases, DNA structure and many more.