A project on “Biomechanics at Micro- and Nanoscale Levels”, the title of this book, was approved by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan in 2003; and this four-year project is now being carried out by fourteen prominent Japanese researchers.At the 5th World Congress of Biomechanics held in Munich, Germany, from 29th July to 4th August, 2006, we organized the following sessions: Thread 3: Biomechanics at micro- and nanoscale levels — (1) cell mechanics; (2) molecular biomechanics; (3) mechanobiology at micro- and nanoscale levels; and (4) computational biomechanics. The present proceedings volume covers topics related to these sessions, and follows on from where the previous two volumes left off. This book is essential reading for those interested in understanding current trends of research in the area of biomechanics at micro- and nanoscale levels.