Biofuels and Biorefineries have been in vogue for centuries but are still confronted with techno-economic hurdles on their way to full-fledged commercialization. Considering a holistic approach, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the reported processes and contemporary improvements, providing futuristic insights into the creation of high-throughput process pipelines in the realm of biofuels. The 15 individual chapters presented here encompass critical industrial aspects, commencing from: deciphering the contemporary global status of biofuel research with a scientometric overview; offering solutions for plant biomass management, discussing problem-solving approaches related to cellulolytic fungal diversity and the second-generation ethanol’s production; analyses of select hydrogen production technologies, specially blue-hydrogen; hydrothermal liquefaction; microbes’ genetic manipulation-driven biorefineries, exploration of algal biomasses’ diversity, and their engineered use for biomass-based fuels; integrated techniques for carbon sequestration and utilization; the rapid implementation of artificial intelligence in biorefineries. This book can serve as a learning resource and reference material for biofuel researchers and scientists, and the new-generation research fraternity, which looks forward to pursing biofuel-related research in the future.