The “Cancers in Different Conditions, Cancer Research Methods and Diagnosis: An Interdisciplinary Approach” is the nineteenth volume of the “Interdisciplinary Cancer Research” series, publishes a series of chapters on cancer research methods and diagnosis in different conditions. The volume starts with a chapter on cancer in patients with autism spectrum disorder, followed by a chapter on relation of cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. After a chapter on transplant oncology and a chapter on the role of geriatric assessment in cancer treatment, cancer development in in inborn errors of immunity, celiac disease, and diabetes mellitus are discussed. Patient-derived organoids were the subject of next chapter. The subsequent chapters are focused on research methods and new targets, in vitro models, and energy metabolism in cancer research. Advances in biomedical imaging modalities, including nuclear medicine and PET imaging, for cancer research and diagnostics are explained in other chapters. Finally, strength of biomaterials and nanomedicines in cancer research are discussed in final chapters. This is the main concept of Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), which is a part of Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). This interdisciplinary book will be of special value for those who wish to have an update on cancer research methods and diagnosis.