This title is an exploration of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) and its inhibitors (CAIs), focusing on its biochemical properties, mechanisms, and wide-ranging applications. The book begins with an introduction to carbonic anhydrase, providing basic knowledge of its structure, function, and importance in various physiological processes. This sets the stage for understanding the enzyme’s role in catalysis and the principles underlying its inhibition. Subsequent chapters focus on the intricate process of drug design, highlighting the strategies used to develop effective CAIs, discussing the principles of drug design, computational approaches, and structure-based drug design, and presenting the technological advances that have revolutionised the field. These chapters provide readers with insight into the scientific methodologies and innovative techniques used to create potent inhibitors, emphasising the importance of precision and specificity in drug development. The therapeutic applications of CAIs are discussed in the following section, which includes their use in the treatment of glaucoma and other eye conditions, their potential in cancer therapy, and their applications in the treatment of neurological disorders, illustrating the versatility and efficacy of these inhibitors in various medical contexts. Beyond medical applications, the book also addresses the industrial and environmental uses of CAIs. The last part of the book explores how CAIs can be used in processes such as carbon capture and sequestration, highlighting their importance in addressing global environmental challenges. Finally, the book focuses on future directions for biotechnological and pharmacological applications, providing an overview of ongoing research and emerging trends. This book is an essential resource for researchers, clinicians, and students, offering an in-depth understanding of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and their multiple applications.