This book introduces the life and work of Darcy Ribeiro (1922–1997), one of the foremost exponents of Brazilian/Latin American Social thought in the 20th century. Ribeiro was an anthropologist, indigenist ethnographer, social scientist, and planner and creator of universities and schools and held various political offices. This book examines Ribeiro’s work in conversation with other great names of Latin American critical thought and introduces the contemporary epistemological movement he inspired, ‘Modernity-Coloniality-Decoloniality’. It presents the 12 years of Latin American exile to which he was subjected in the 1960s to 1970s, highlighting the fame he gained as a reformer of universities on the continent. Finally, the book builds two new dialogues unheard of, one with Black Brazilian intellectuals and the other with contemporary post(de) colonial studies. This book will appeal to all those interested in studying global asymmetries, social inequalities, and obstacles to development in Latin America. Scholars and students of Sociology, Social Theory, Anthropology, Latin American Studies, Political History, and Education will find it useful.