Ethiopia has been going through the most tumultuous period in its recent history, with conflict and civil war killing hundreds of thousands and leaving millions displaced. This book investigates the escalation and making of the current crises in Ethiopia, starting with the root causes of the protests (2015–2018), the bumpy transition (2018–2021), the civil war in the north (November 2020–November 2022) and ongoing violence in Amhara and Oromia regions, taking us up to 2024. Adopting a diachronic approach, the book brings in historical insights to help us understand the causes of the crises and how they have led to current realities on the ground. The book presents a multiscalar analysis, investigating local identity and security concerns and state- level political, economic and security dynamics. Using the concept of the intrastate insecurity complex, the book sheds light on contested notions of security between state security on the one hand and societal security – the security of ethno- linguistic or cultural groups – on the other. It also takes into account the relevance of regime security in the complex dynamics between state and societal security. Providing fresh conceptual and analytical perspectives on the unfolding situation, the book will be an important read for researchers, policymakers and practitioners interested in governance, development and security issues in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa.