This book explains how decarbonisation of transport connects to the wider project of making more sustainable and circular society. Emissions reduction in the transportation sector has become a critical challenge for both mitigating climate change and reducing diseases due to air pollution. However, transport decarbonization is also strongly connected to the urgent need of an increased resource efficiency and a transition towards a more sustainable, bio-based and circular society. This book describing the technology and the potential application of hydrogen and low carbon fuels. In the first section, it lays out the general principles and assessment methodologies, including the evaluation of local and global impacts from an environmental, economic and social perspective. Subsequently, the second section describes the technology to produce sustainable fuels including electrolytic hydrogen and electro-methane, bio-hydrogen, gaseous and liquid biofuels. Finally, in the book’s last section, specific case studies are provided including urban and long-range wheel transport, as well as rail, navigation and airplane applications.