This book constitutes refereed proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Mathematical Optimization Theory and Operations Research: Recent Trends, MOTOR 2023, held in Ekaterinburg, Russia, during July 2–8, 2023. The 28 full papers and one invited paper presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 61 submissions. The papers in the volume are organized according to the following topical headings: mathematical programming; stochastic optimization; discrete and combinatorial optimization; operations research; optimal control and mathematical economics; and optimization in machine learning.