Nanosatellites, CubeSats of the NewSpace Era for Space Observation 1 traces the evolution of space exploration, from 1957 and the first astronomical observations, to the NewSpace era. This book highlights major scientific and technological advances, while emphasizing the crucial role of collaboration between the public and private sectors. The book explores the history of astronomy, from early observatories such as Goseck and Stonehenge, to modern satellites, and traces major theoretical revolutions, such as the adoption of the heliocentric model and the development of the laws of gravitation. It also looks at the development of celestial mechanics and the mathematical tools that enabled this evolution, while highlighting technological innovations in space research, from telescopes to space probes, satellites and nanosatellites. This book also highlights the emergence of NewSpace, characterized by the growing involvement of the private sector in space exploration and the presence of key players. Finally, it stresses the importance of training and research to support these advances in a rapidly changing field.