As the only book of its kind, this publication provides students, clinicians, researchers, ministries of health, and others with a valuable, thorough, and focused understanding of the development of the nurse practitioner (NP) and nurse anesthetist (NA), two advanced practice nursing roles which have improved access to care and healthcare outcomes as bilateral role development has progressed internationally.  As the two roles have significant clinical differences, the book will appraise each role separately within two sections utilizing different approaches.  After a thorough platform of defining and describing each role, including history and origins, education, practice, regulation, and leadership, the book guides by example, utilizing unique country case studies divided by WHO regions as exemplars for international role development as well as an outlook for the future of advanced practice nursing on the global stage.  The book expands on the tenets and principles as outlined in the ICN Guidelines on Advanced Practice Nursing for Nurse Practitioners (2020) and Nurse Anesthetists (2021), providing the reader with an internationally vetted and accepted comprehension of the roles, guiding and inspiring future role development to improve global health care.