This book examines the future of petroleum exploration and production in the Middle East and Africa within the context of the global transition to alternative energy sources. The Middle Eastern and African countries possess abundant petroleum resources, serving as significant source of foreign exchange and domestic energy supply. However, the growing global call for net zero emissions, aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and addressing climate change, presents major challenges for countries in these regions. Due to their heavy reliance on oil and gas, Middle Eastern and African countries find themselves at a critical juncture, with the likelihood of serious negative economic and social impacts. This necessitates the implementation of domestic legal measures and the adoption of a stance in international discussions on net zero emissions. This book analyses the legal issues and implications of the energy transition for petroleum exploration and production in the Middle East and Africa, as well as the need for domestic laws to be revisited and prepared for managing the challenges that may arise from decarbonisation. The book will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in the field of energy law, climate law and energy geopolitics.