This book synthesizes knowledge on the physiology and ecology of pines (Pinus spp.), a genus that dominates forests across the Northern Hemisphere and underpins global plantation forestry. It spans topics from anatomy and ecophysiology to ecosystem dynamics, covering evolutionary history, fire and insect adaptations, carbon and water relations, photosynthesis, stand hydrology, and responses to climate change. By integrating these perspectives, the volume highlights mechanisms driving pine performance and mortality and outlines adaptive strategies to sustain productivity, resilience, and ecosystem services under current and future environmental challenges. The book also identifies key research priorities, including tropical pine physiology, invasions of planted pines and pests, and the sensitivity of pine forests to intensifying global-change stressors. Part of the Tree Physiology series, this work is intended for researchers, graduate students, and practitioners in forestry, plant physiology, and ecology.