This book thoroughly explores strategies and greener methods, chemical and biological treatments, sustainable chemistry, and technological advancements aimed at mitigating the harmful effects of chemicals on the environment. Modern societies are often exposed to various types of chemicals, originating from natural or man-made sources. These chemicals can cause environmental damage, and their long-term exposure has been found to contribute to deteriorating public health. The increasing global human population has led to higher demand for everyday materials, resulting in unprecedented industrial production levels. This growth also jeopardizes the value-added supply chains of essential chemical industries such as pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, biologics, biotech. Consequently, there is a greater need for the use of sustainable and environmentally friendly methods. For example, in recent years, strategies have been developed to efficiently handle agricultural waste to produce materials, fuel, fine chemicals, and energy.