This comprehensive handbook provides an authoritative collection of exercise-cognition research, exploring the historical development, current state, and future implications of the field. Written by international experts, this work unravels the intricate relationship between physical activity and brain function while establishing essential terminologies, definitions, and potential mediators of exercise-induced cognitive changes. This handbook covers foundational background knowledge, research methodologies, and developmental perspectives across diverse populations. It addresses theoretical frameworks and practical considerations for designing, implementing, and analyzing interventions in exercise-cognition research. Coverage includes widely used neuroimaging techniques such as fNIRS, EEG, and fMRI, alongside emerging tools including TMS/TES, pupillometry, saccadic eye movements, PET, and transcranial Doppler ultrasound. This work also examines cutting-edge developments in digital applications, exergames, and the critical impact of sedentary behavior on brain health, providing readers with knowledge to design rigorous experiments and implement evidence-based exercise strategies. This essential resource serves students across multiple disciplines, including health psychology, neuroscience, kinesiology, exercise science, public health, and rehabilitation. The accessible yet comprehensive approach makes it invaluable for researchers, practitioners, and anyone seeking to understand the scientific foundations of physical activity's cognitive benefits.