The Jewish Question Revisited: Trade, Class and Identity reinterprets the historical trajectory of Jewish identity through the lens of economic function, class dynamics, and the rise of Zionism - offering a provocative reassessment of one of history’s most enduring social questions. Engaging with the foundational Marxist analysis of Abram Leon, this book traces the evolution of the Jews not merely as a religious or ethnic group, but as a “people-class” defined by commercial roles and socio-economic positioning across centuries. From the trade corridors of ancient Palestine to the rise of Court Jews in early modern Europe, from the upheavals of emancipation and antisemitism to the ideological battles surrounding Zionism and settler colonialism, the chapters explore how class, trade, and survival strategies shaped Jewish continuity and transformation. The book draws on Marxist theory, psychoanalytic insights, and historical critique to challenge both nationalist myths and mainstream narratives of Jewish identity, culminating in a powerful critique of Zionism’s departure from Jewish internationalist traditions. This book will appeal to students and scholars of Jewish history, Middle East politics, Marxist theory, and postcolonial studies, as well as to readers interested in the intersections of identity, class, and nationalism. It offers a timely contribution to ongoing debates around antisemitism, the legacy of European colonialism, and the political consequences of historical memory.