This book offers a comprehensive examination of microplastics and nanoplastics, focusing on their environmental behavior, detection, and associated risks to ecosystems and human health. It explores the full lifecycle of these pollutants—from production and disposal to their distribution and persistence in natural systems—while highlighting the challenges of accurate detection and impact assessment across diverse environments. With a strong emphasis on scientific methodology and practical applications, this book presents advanced strategies for monitoring, risk assessment, and remediation of microplastics and nanoplastics. It explores a range of chemical, biological, and emerging technologies, while also delving into innovative tools such as remote sensing, nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence. By integrating sustainable management practices and policy frameworks, the book offers a multidimensional approach—making it an essential resource for researchers and professionals working to understand and mitigate the effects of micro- and nanoplastic pollution.