Part I. Fundamental Issues Related to Natural Product-Based Drug Delivery Natural Products and Drug Discovery Arnold L. Demain and Lixin Zhang Part II. Strategies Integrated Approaches for Discovering Novel Drugs From Microbial Natural Products Lixin Zhang Automated Analyses of HPLC Profiles of Microbial Extracts: A New Tool for Drug Discovery Screening José R. Tormo and Juan B. García Manipulating Microbial Metabolites for Drug Discovery and Production C. Richard Hutchinson Improving Drug Discovery From Microorganisms Chris M. Farnet and Emmanuel Zazopoulos Developments in Strain Improvement Technology: Evolutionary Engineering of Industrial Microorganisms Through Gene, Pathway, and Genome Shuffling Stephen B. del Cardayré Part III. Specific Groups of Drugs The Discovery of Anticancer Drugs From Natural Sources David J. Newman and Gordon M. Cragg Case Studies in Natural-Product Optimization: Novel Antitumor Agents Derived From Taxus brevifolia and Catharanthus roseus Jian Hong and Shu-Hui Chen Terpenoids As Therapeutic Drugs and Pharmaceutical Agents Guangyi Wang, Weiping Tang, and Robert R. Bidigare Challenges and Opportunities in the Chinese Herbal Drug Industry Wei Jia and Lixin Zhang Arsenic Trioxide and Leukemia: From Bedside to Bench Guo-Qiang Chen, Qiong Wang, Hua Yan, and Zhu Chen Part IV. Microbial Diversity New Methods to Access Microbial Diversity for Small Molecule Discovery Karsten Zengler, Ashish Paradkar, and Martin Keller Accessing the Genomes of Uncultivated Microbes for Novel Natural Products Asuncion Martinez, Joern Hopke, Ian A. MacNeil, and Marcia S. Osburne Part V. Specific Sources New Natural-Product Diversity From Marine Actinomycetes Paul R. Jensen and WilliamFenical Novel Natural Products From Rainforest Endophytes Gary Strobel, Bryn Daisy, and Uvidelio Castillo Biological, Economic, Ecological, and Legal Aspects of Harvesting Traditional Medicine in Ecuador Alexandra Guevara-Aguirre and Ximena Chiriboga Index