Jerome Klinkowitz presents an opening attempt to define postmodernism as it applies to the arts and culture. Rosenberg/Barthes/Hassan discusses the work of three critics who came to prominence in the 1960s, an era of social, ideological, and aesthetic turmoil. Sharing a disdain for modernism's authoritarianism, elitism, and sterile preoccupation with despair, the three critics called for a postmodern art that would emphasize action, reality, and immanence and offer fresh envisionings of the world. Klinkowitz traces the progression of thought that links the work of critic Harold Rosenberg, who introduced the concept of "action painting"; the semiotician Roland Barthes, who redefined art, culture, and ideology as language systems; and visionary literary scholar Ihab Hassan, whose works call for nothing less than a rethinking of man's place within the material and spiritual universe.