Preface 1 The Gestural Theory of and the Vocal Theory of Language Origins Are Not Incompatible with One Another N. Masataka 2 The Gestural Origins of Language M.C. Corballis 3 World-View of Protolanguage Speakers as Inferred from Semantics of Sound Symbolic Words: A Case of Japanese Mimetics S. Kita 4 Japanese Mothers' Use of Specialized Vocabulary in Infant-Directed Speech: Infant-Directed Vocabulary in Japanese R. Mazuka, T. Kondo, and A. Hayashi 5 Short-Term Acoustic Modifi cations During Dynamic Vocal Interactions in Nonhuman Primates-Implications for Origins of Motherese H. Koda 6 Vocal Learning in Nonhuman Primates: Importance of Vocal Contexts C. Yamaguchi and A. Izumi 7 The Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Bimodal Primate Vocal Communication A.A. Ghazanfar and D.J. Lewkowicz 8 Understanding the Dynamics of Primate Vocalization and Its Implications for the Evolution of Human Speech T. Nishimura . 9 Implication of the Human Musical Faculty for Evolution of Language N. Masataka Subject Index