This volume includes eight chapters that detail advances in biology. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the main strategies for microalgal mediated nanoparticle biosynthesis as well as showing heteronano–bio interactions can improve removed pollutant yields, catalytic activity and biomass productivity. Chapter 2 explores research on the diversity of actinomycetes associated with forest soils and forest cave soils, including the media, isolation strategies, and polyphasic taxonomic approaches integrating phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and molecular methods as well as their ecological roles in these ecosystems. Chapter 3 provides an in-depth review of the molecular mechanisms driving oxidative stress and the biochemical nature of established oxidative damage biomarkers. Chapter 4 describes, analyzes, and discusses the mechanisms of action involved in their pharmacological effects, highlighting their potential use in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly in women. Chapter 5 presents the main concepts and challenges of characterizing structural interaction aspects and highlight the importance of using structural and computational biology as a potential strategy for recognizing and determining key points of regulation in various cellular mechanisms. In Chapter 6 presents an overview of theoretical studies in DNA-ligand interactions using frameworks, models, and more. Chapter 7 focuses on microorganisms, elucidating their structure, composition, and molecular mechanisms underlying their immunomodulatory effects. Finally, Chapter 8 investigates plant extracts prepared by microwave- and vacuum-assisted extraction methods and their anti-virulence potential.