This book explores the origin of various Earth systems such as the geosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere through an atmospheric science perspective. The study of Earth and the Solar System is fundamental to understanding the processes that formed Earth and made life possible, and our ability to predict the impact of human activities relies on our understanding of the Earth system. The capacity to manage natural hazards depends on our knowledge of the frequency and magnitude of earthquakes, eruptions, and floods, as well as our understanding of the atmosphere, weather, and climate. The atmosphere is an integral part of Earth's climate and (bio)geochemical cycles and the study of its composition and dynamics is crucial to Earth system science.

The book first familiarizes readers with the discipline called physical geography and its meaning, the planet Earth, and the solar system. This includes the terrestrial planets, the giant planets belonging to the outer part of the solar system, as well as the shape and size of planet Earth. In the geographic grid system, the big and small circles, latitude, and longitude, as well as the concept of international date-time, are significant. The introductory section on Planet Earth is devoted to the Earth-Sun relationship and the seasons, as well as the physical effects of the Earth's Revolution.

Following this, the subsequent chapters delve into the biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Here, we have given special emphasis to biodiversity, the biogeochemical cycle, and ecosystems. The next integral component of the Earth is the hydrosphere, the hydrological cycle, and the cryosphere ice part. A detailed description of the creation of the atmosphere, its current structure, and its chemical system is provided. The book offers information on the Earth's solar and terrestrial radiation, the energy and heat balance, as well as the global distribution of heat. Energy from the Sun is the main driver of the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation of atmospheric systems that manifest on the planet from millimeter to kilometer scales.

The subsequent section focuses on natural disasters that often occur on the planet, such as tsunamis, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. However, due to accelerated climate changes, the frequency and intensity of weather and climate extremes such as destructive flooding, droughts, heat waves, and severe storms have increased. We now live in an era of climate change and environmental stressors. A special chapter is dedicated to global environmental impacts, anthropogenic factors, land use, air, water, and soil pollution, depletion of the ozone layer, and uncontrolled greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the carbon cycle. In this chapter, the emphasis is on climate change and the new geological epoch ? the "Anthropocene." The status of climate change, vulnerabilities, adaptation, and mitigation on a planet that is warming by more than ?, future projections under different emission scenarios, and environmental protections are also studied. In the end, modern environmental monitoring is described using instruments, techniques, and methods of observing and modeling the atmosphere and the Earth's climate system.