Text in Arabic. This book sheds light on the global changes taking place as harbingers of the modern era from a regional perspective focusing on the eastern Mediterranean region, in which the pace of conflicts escalated due to the rise of the Ottomans to the forefront of events in the Islamic world, and the imbalance of power. This period of time laid the foundation for the events and struggles of the modern era. The Ottomans in the Near East continued to fight against the intervention of foreign powers until their defeat in the First World War and the subsequent division of Islamic lands between the European colonial powers, a move with consequences from which we continue to suffer from today.