This comprehensive History examines Middle Eastern modernism through analyses of its roots and development across Turkish, Arabic, Persian, and other regional languages. An international team of contributors explains the modernist movement in the Middle East from its beginnings in the nineteenth century until today. Combining linguistic breadth and focused treatments of canonical works of Middle Eastern modernist art and literature, this History highlights remarkable connections in modernist form and content that link the Arab world to the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic as well as Qajar and Pahlavi Iran, Central Asia, and even India, often to the exclusion of Western modernist norms and experiments. Working within the broader framework of global modernisms while attending to the movement's local particularities, this volume establishes Middle Eastern modernism as a vibrant field of inquiry and a cornerstone for modernist studies more generally.