The conference “Algebraic and Arithmetic Structures of Moduli Spaces” was held in September 2007, at Sapporo (Hokkaido University). Twenty talks were delivered by invited speakers on arithmetic geometry, algebraic geometry and complex geometry. This volume is the proceedings of the conference, to be exact, a collection of eleven papers contributed by some of the speakers which have undergone rigorous refereeing. The topics that are discussed in the articles are diverse in nature such as class field theory, zeta functions, moduli of arithmetic vector bundles, moduli of complex vector bundles, moduli of abelian varieties and theory of display, moduli of Fermat varieties and some topics on cubic threefolds. Among others, the papers of Pappas-Rapoport, Rajan and Weng address many new interesting questions in the related fields, which seem to be worthy of reading for young researchers.Published by Mathematical Society of Japan and distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co. for all markets except North America