This book comprehensively reviews the epidemiology and surveillance strategies of Visceral Leishmaniasis, and the latest developments in disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and vaccine development. The initial chapters cover the epidemiology features and spatial distribution of Visceral Leishmaniasis. The book further discusses the manifestations of HIV-Visceral Leishmaniasis infection on the immunopathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic response. It analyzes the role of different proteomic technologies in understanding the parasite development, survival, drug resistance mechanisms, host-pathogen interactions, and the development of new therapeutic approaches. The book concludes by discussing recent advancements in vaccine development for Visceral Leishmaniasis. It discusses the promising vaccine candidate, their developmental status, current challenges, and prospects for rational vaccine development against Leishmania. This book is an invaluable source of information for students, and researchers working to understand the Leishmania biology, and drug development.