Earth’s subsurface offers many vital resources—such as minerals, geothermal energy, and clean water—but decisions regarding exploration and extraction must balance resource value against environmental impact. This can only be addressed by accepting uncertainty as an integral part of most decisions. Decision-Making for Earth Resource Development presents uncertainty quantification strategies tested on real cases using a Bayesian methodology that can be applied to a wide variety of decision problems. Volume highlights include: Six substantial case studies, covering mineral exploration, geothermal heat feasibility, groundwater management, and morePopper-Bayes protocol for formulating and solving uncertainty quantification problemsMachine learning approaches for Bayesian inversionDecision-making with AI and high-performance computingInvestigation models using global sensitivity analysis in the geosciencesSoftware development for large-scale practical implementation The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.