The book covers advances in conversion of biomass and derivatives into useful chemicals and fuels. It describes our recent researches relating to the hydrogenation of biomass derivatives by diverse hydrogen sources such as water, isopropanol, gaseous hydrogen and NaBH4 as well as their interesting mechanism aspects. A wide range of biomass derivatives and some novel hydrogenation processes are involved in this book. Development strategies and challenges in future research are also discussed. This book will help readers to expand their knowledge of biomass and its derivatives conversion.