Economics is often referred to as “the queen of social sciences.” This is because mainstream economics has been established as an elegant academic discipline by assuming mankind simply to be homo economicus— an image of human beings showing interest in only material fulfilment and acting solely in his interest. This book challenges this basic perception of human beings.

By replacing it with a more realistic and multifaceted human motive as supported by research in various academic disciplines, the book tries to provide a novel and more plausible picture of human society. Specifically, the book takes in such human aspects as pursuing well-being, forming human networks, and the realisation of potential of ability. Thus, if we try to better understand human motives and the society, it becomes necessary to replace the conventional two-sector (market–government) social model with a more general and theoretically superior social model, the “three-sector model” consisting of market–government–non-profit sectors. This book demonstrates the validity of this new view by utilising basic principles of economic policy and social welfare analyses. Moreover, the book has introduced a newly developing practical philosophy in Japan over the last 50 years to achieve both individual well-being and better human society.