The first book to provdie a comprehensive look at bioenergetics, the energy flow in living systems, by studying ion exchange and electron transfer processes in biological membranes and artificial bio-films, and how these processes contribute to developing modern biosensor and ion-sensor technology, as well as biofuel cells. The book: Discusses the ion fluxes and electron transfer processes in biological membranes and artificial bio-filmsProvides an in-depth description of the processes at the interface between the membrane/film and substrate electrodeIs the first of its kind to provide a comprehensive look at how these processes are understood in biology of living cellsAddresses how these processes contribute to developing modern biosensor and ion-sensor technology, as well as biofuel cells