This book explores the evolution of the human brain, highlighting the critical role of diet, particularly micronutrients, in shaping our cognitive development. By examining the evolutionary path of our ancestors, it sheds light on how dietary practices have influenced brain growth and function. This provides valuable insights into modern health and lifestyle choices. Thus, the book makes an essential contribution to evolutionary medicine and to our understanding of the relationship between evolution and health. The chapters cover topics such as the importance of micronutrients in brain development in the context of evolution and cognitive development in children, mental decline in the elderly (dementia), ADHD, Hidden Hunger, and obesity. Special attention is given to the impact of environmental change on dietary evolution and the role of the hippocampus in processing sensory and ecological information. The book offers a fresh perspective on the relationship between diet and cognitive health, and the author presents a strong case that nutritional quality, rather than quantity, has been a driving force in the evolution of Homo sapiens and the human brain. Nutritional quality continues to play an important role in brain development and function, as demonstrated by various examples. Throughout the book, complex concepts are explained with simple, colorful illustrations. References to implications for modern humans complement the main content. By exploring the links between ancient dietary practices and modern health, the book invites readers to rethink their approach to diet and lifestyle and offers practical insights for maintaining cognitive health throughout life. As such, it is intended for anyone interested in these topics, whether you are a scientist or an interested layperson.