The area of inverse scattering transform method or soliton theory has evolved over the past two decades in a vast variety of exciting new algebraic and analytic directions and has found numerous new applications. Methods and applications range from quantum group theory and exactly solvable statistical models to random matrices, random permutations, and number theory. The theory of isomonodromic deformations of systems of differential equations with rational coefficents, and most notably, the related apparatus of the Riemann-Hilbert problem, underlie the analytic side of this striking development.The contributions in this volume are based on lectures given by leading experts at the CRM workshop (Montreal, Canada). Included are both survey articles and more detailed expositions relating to the theory of isomonodromic deformations, the Riemann-Hilbert problem, and modern applications. The first part of the book represents the mathematical aspects of isomonodromic deformations; the second part deals mostly with the various appearances of isomonodromic deformations and Riemann-Hilbert methods in the theory of exactly solvable quantum field theory and statistical mechanical models, and related issues. The book elucidates for the first time in the current literature the important role that isomonodromic deformations play in the theory of integrable systems and their applications to physics.