Measurement Science for Modern Physics presents an engaging account of how advances in measurement and instrumentation have driven the major revolutions of modern physics. From early efforts to understand the motion of the planets and the nature of light, to today's ultra-precise atomic clocks, lasers and gravitational-wave detectors, measurement science has played an essential role in the development of modern physics.Tracing the development of physics through the lens of measurement, this book shows how improved standards of time, length and mass underpinned the emergence of classical mechanics, electromagnetism, relativity and quantum theory. The book then moves to the experimental foundations of contemporary physics, exploring the principles and impact of key technologies such as atomic and optical clocks, lasers and frequency combs, interferometers, ion traps, and cryogenic systems. Tools which have enabled the detection of subtle relativistic effects, the observation of gravitational waves, the control of atoms and molecules at ultralow temperatures and the exploration of matter at extreme energies.This book demonstrates that progress in physics is inseparable from the tools used to observe, quantify and test the world around us and how expanding observational reach and reducing measurement uncertainty have repeatedly transformed our understanding of nature. It is ideal for graduate students and advanced undergraduates in physics and engineering, as well as early-career researchers and professionals seeking a coherent overview of how precision measurement continues to shape the frontiers of modern science.