This book presents a groundbreaking critique of neo-liberal interpretations of global agricultural development, challenging dominant narratives with nuanced analyses rooted in historical and theoretical frameworks. It delves into diverse paths of agrarian transformation, from the "American Path" to the "Prussian Path," examining the complexities of state intervention, land ownership, and socio-political dynamics. Furthermore, it introduces an alternative vision for agricultural development: the construction of "Neo-collective Rural China." Through meticulous examination of case studies spanning China, Russia, and beyond, it unveils the intricacies of rural economies, migrant worker trends, and grassroots innovations. Emphasizing the need for inclusive policies and international collaboration, this work reimagines strategies for sustainable growth in the Global South, advocating for sovereignty, equity, and solidarity. A compelling synthesis of scholarship, it offers fresh insights into the multifaceted challenges facing contemporary agricultural development.