Thismonograph critically reviews and updates real estate valuation theory, which isbased on neoclassical economics, in light of developments in heterodox economictheory. Building on a comprehensive historical account of the evolution ofvalue theory, the book uses new institutional economics theory and criticalrealism as lenses through which problems in standard valuation theory andpractice are expatiated, and as the foundation for an alternative theory. Thenew theory is employed to explain major problems in real estate valuation thatare beyond the capability of the standard theory, such as price bubbles in realestate markets, anchoring bias, client influence andvaluation under uncertain market conditions.