This book discusses the conceptual foundations of mainstream and political economy and offers alternative directions for the development of theoretical economics. Presenting selected papers from the Euro-Asian Symposium on Economic Theory, held by the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ekaterinburg, Russia) on June 26-28, 2024, this book examines the ways in which economic theory helps solve problem such as the expansion of new technologies, inequality, environmental justice, globalization, regionalization, and a polycentric world. It delves into the evolution and resilience of industrial ecosystems, investigate the fundamental nature of money, the complexities of achieving justice and efficiency in economic development are addressed, examining income disparities, the convergence of economies, and social aspects within economic mechanisms. The contributions featured in this book offer a synthesis of theoretical models and empirical analyses, bridging the gap between academic inquiry and practical application. This collection is a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners seeking innovative solutions to navigate the complexities of today’s economic systems.