The nanosciences encompass a variety of technologies ranging from particles to networks and nanostructures. For example, nanoparticles have been proposed to be suitable carriers of therapeutic agents whilst nanostructures provide suitable platforms and scaffolds for sub-micro bioengineering. This book focuses on nanomedicine and nanotechnology as applied to the nervous system which includes the brain and peripheral nervous system. It covers safety, nanostructures, nanoparticle-based immunoassays, nanofiber microbrush arrays, nanoelectrodes, protein nanoassemblies, nanoparticles-assisted imaging, nanomaterials and ion channels, stem cell imaging, neuronal performance, treatment of stroke and spinal cord injury, lipid nanostructures, and many other areas.