This book offers an interdisciplinary, historically grounded analysis of competing visions of the bioeconomy and argues for their reconciliation through the concept of oikos: responsible yet adaptive economic stewardship under conditions of ecological constraint and uncertainty. Drawing on political economy, economic history, and anthropology, it proposes a holistic policy perspective that moves beyond the antagonistic imperatives often implicit in the terms “bio” and “economy.” By reframing the bioeconomy as a socio-ecological project rather than a narrowly technocratic one, the book highlights the need to align economic activity with long-term ecological sustainability and social responsibility. Placing biotechnology at the centre of this discussion, the volume shows how biotechnological practices have long contributed to the sustainable use of biological resources, well before the molecular biology revolution of the 1970s. It examines contemporary strategies that integrate New Genomic Techniques (NGTs) and AI into national and supranational bioeconomy agendas addressing climate change, resource scarcity, and food insecurity. Increased confidence in the precautionary use of NGTs is linked to their continuity with classical mutagenesis and to growing biosafety knowledge and practical experience. Engaging debates on precaution, innovation, and sustainability, the book surveys enabling policy frameworks that support the safe use of biotechnology in pursuit of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. It will be a valuable resource for scholars, policymakers, regulators, and professionals working at the interface of science, technology, and sustainability governance.