Sustainable development has been recognized as a paradigm for considering a future in which environmental, social, and economic concerns are balanced in the pursuit of improving quality of life. The ideals and principles behind this paradigm are based on the concepts of generational and gender equality, social tolerance, poverty reduction, environmental protection and restoration, natural resource conservation, and the building of fair and peaceful societies. This book identifies and characterizes selected aspects of women's functioning in modern societies, in the context of the goals, assumptions and challenges of sustainable development. It offers an innovative, multidimensional perspective on the potential and role of women in the context of sustainable development. The book is divided into five chapters. The first is dedicated to the role of women in the modern economy and their demographic and social characteristics in the European Union. The second focuses on the role of women in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including the perspective of EU horizontal policies. The third offers an analysis of women's living conditions in the EU, in terms of their social, professional and economic situation and leisure time management. The next chapter considers female entrepreneurship in the EU in terms of social and geopolitical changes, while the final one is devoted to the analysis of the situation of women in selected industry markets. The book summarizes interdisciplinary research questions, focusing on sustainability, gender, human rights and the economy and the trends, tendencies, dependencies and results will be an important source of comparison for academic researchers and a starting point for further in-depth analyses.