This book explores the role museums play in shaping the cultural and historical identities of Central Asia. Through an analysis of around 50 museums, this book offers insights into how these "memory machines" contribute to contemporary identity formation in Central Asia, serving as both cultural guardians and storytellers. It traces the development of these institutions from the Russian colonial era to the present, examining how they have navigated the region's complex socio-political landscape. The book addresses various themes, such as the influence of Soviet policies on museum development, the relationship between religion and atheism in museum narratives, and the renewed interest in pre-Soviet cultural heritage. It also considers how museums utilise historical figures and scientific achievements to craft national stories, exploring identity through the dual perspectives of settled and nomadic lifestyles.